Category Archives: Game Hacking

Dreamcast Anniversary Programming

This day last year saw a lot of nostalgia posts on the internet regarding the Sega Dreamcast, launched 10 years prior to that day (on 9/9/99). Regrettably, none of the retrospectives that I read really seemed to mention the homebrew potential, which is the aspect that interested me. On the occasion of the DC’s 11th anniversary, I wanted to remind myself how to build something for the unit and do so using modern equipment and build tools.



Background
Like many other programmers, I initially gained interest in programming because I desired to program video games. Not content to just plunk out games on a PC, I always had a deep, abiding ambition to program actual video game hardware. That is, I wanted to program a purpose-built video game console. The Sega Dreamcast might be the most ideal candidate to ever emerge for that task. All that was required to run your own software on the unit was the console, a PC, some free software tools, and a special connectivity measure.

The Equipment
Here is the hardware required (ideally) to build software for the DC:

  • The console itself (I happen to have 3 of them laying around, as pictured above)
  • Some peripherals: Such as the basic DC controller, the DC keyboard (flagship title: Typing of the Dead), and the visual memory unit (VMU)


  • VGA box: The DC supported 480p gaming via a device that allowed you to connect the console straight to a VGA monitor via 15-pin D-sub. Not required for development, but very useful. I happen to have 3 of them from different third parties:


  • Finally, the connectivity measure for hooking the DC to the PC.
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Brute Force Dimensional Analysis

I was poking at the data files of a really bad (is there any other kind?) interactive movie video game known simply by one letter: D. The Sega Saturn version of the game is comprised primarily of Sega FILM/CPK files, about which I wrote the book. The second most prolific file type bears the extension ‘.dg2’. Cursory examination of sample files revealed an apparently headerless format. Many of the video files are 288×144 in resolution. Multiplying that width by that height and then doubling it (as in, 2 bytes/pixel) yields 82944, which happens to be the size of a number of these DG2 files. Now, if only I had a tool that could take a suspected raw RGB file and convert it to a more standard image format.

Here’s the FFmpeg conversion recipe I used:

 ffmpeg -f rawvideo -pix_fmt rgb555 -s 288x144 -i raw_file -y output.png

So that covers the files that are suspected to be 288×144 in dimension. But what about other file sizes? My brute force approach was to try all possible dimensions that would yield a particular file size. The Python code for performing this operation is listed at the end of this post.

It’s interesting to view the progression as the script compresses to different sizes:



That ‘D’ is supposed to be red. So right away, we see that rgb555(le) is not the correct input format. Annoyingly, FFmpeg cannot handle rgb5[5|6]5be as a raw input format. But this little project worked well enough as a proof of concept.

If you want to toy around with these files (and I know you do), I have uploaded a selection at: http://multimedia.cx/dg2/.

Here is my quick Python script for converting one of these files to every acceptable resolution.

work-out-resolution.py:
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Kega Video In FFmpeg

Thanks to Daniel Verkamp for contributing a Kega video (KGV1) decoder to FFmpeg. I was about to demand samples for testing until I looked up what Kega is — a Sega game console emulator — when I realized that it would be more fun to create my own (be advised that only the Windows version of Kega presently supports the AVI encoding option). Then I looked up the Wiki page and realized that there is, in fact, one sample on record at the archive. Well, I went ahead and made my own sample anyway. I used the mountainside attract-mode scene from the Genesis game Strider, one of my favorite sequences in any video game. It’s in the samples directory.



I am holding off on adding a FATE test; there’s still an endian issue (PPC configs disagree with x86 configs). I’m also a little puzzled as to why FFplay insists on playing the video as 320×240 even though the video is encoded as 640×480. For that matter, I’m also bewildered trying to understand why Kega renders video as 640×480 by default; that’s not a native resolution for any of its emulated consoles.

Bink Video in FFmpeg

Today was the day: Kostya committed his Bink video decoder to FFmpeg. Here’s just one little screenshot:


Screenshot of the attract mode Bink video from Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb

Of course, this is just one Bink file out of the literal thousands of software titles that have incorporated Bink video (the above comes from Indiana Jones and the Emperor’s Tomb for Windows). For this reason, it’s entirely possible that the Bink video decoder (not to mention the Bink audio decoder and the Bink file format demuxer) might not cover all the cases out there. This is especially relevant considering intel I have received from a guy who has talked to the guy who invented Bink and described the development process. The upshot is that there could conceivably be a lot of custom Bink versions out there. That’s why Kostya hopes for a lot of testing with as many different Bink files that people can throw at this system. To that end, I started with my old Multimedia Exploration Journal and did a text search for every game that I recorded as using Bink.

Just think: The next time that YouTube and assorted other video uploading services update their video conversion backends, they can finally be flooded with Bink videos. (I know it seems silly, but I sometimes feel like my biggest contribution to open source multimedia has been to allow people to upload to YouTube video files that they found on their old Sega Saturn CD-ROMs).

As for FATE, is it plausible to get a basic decoding test staged at this point? I ran a simple sample through my RPC testing tool and learned that the video output is bit exact across platforms. Test staged.

(Aside: Thanks to Vitor Sessak, Valgrinder extraordinaire, for locating a memory bug in the Musepack v7 demuxer. Since I created and staged a v7 sample at the same time I staged a sample for the Musepack v8 demuxer, I have already activated a Musepack v7 demuxing test.)

Here’s a project for someone that likes text processing and searching puzzles: Find a simple, efficient method for comparing my list of DOS/Windows games (here’s the HTML list and here it is in CSV) against the big list of known Bink titles and find all the Bink games in my PC game collection. I have already harvested samples from: Alien vs. Predator Gold Edition, Disney’s Atlantis, Gabriel Knight 3, Gods & Generals, Halo 3 (Xbox 360), In Cold Blood, Indiana Jones and the Emperor’s Tomb, Monsters Inc. Wreck Room Arcade, Starlancer, Tony Hawk Pro Skater 2, Uru: Ages Beyond Myst.